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Submitted
23 July 2025
Accepted
12 November 2025
Published
30 December 2025
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Abstract

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a health problem in Indonesia, with cases increasing annually. HIV care services in Indonesia involve Primary Health Facilities (PHF) and Referral Health Facilities (RHF). This study aims to identify patterns of HIV patient visits to RHF. This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the National Health Insurance (NHI) for 2015–2023. HIV patients were identified based on ICD-10 diagnosis codes (B20–B24), with referral status as the independent variable. Analysis was performed using chi-square tests, and visit patterns were visualized using Sankey diagrams. Of the more than one million patients, 2,532 were identified as having HIV, resulting in more than 38,000 visits. Most patients were referred from community health centers to general hospitals, primarily for outpatient care. Age was significantly associated with referral status, while other demographic factors showed no association. Overall, the referral system is functioning effectively, but strengthening service capacity in PHF remains crucial to reduce the referral burden on hospitals.

Keywords

HIV Healthcare Referral System Advanced Referral Health Facilities Secondary Data Analysis

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Author Biographies

Paisal Zain, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia

 

 

Aya Yuriestia Arifin, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia

 

 

Lismayana Hansur, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia

 

 

Fithriyah Sjatha, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

 

 
How to Cite
Zain, P., Arifin, A. Y., Hansur, L., & Sjatha, F. (2025). Visit Patterns of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients at Referral Health Facilities. Jurnal Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, 5(2), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.53756/jjkn.v5i2.393
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